Towards Healthy Evolution: Exploring the Role and Mechanisms of Human-Agent Interaction in Self-Evolving Systems

Abstract

Self-evolving agents improve through continual self-play and self-generated learning signals, but autonomous evolution can also cause capability degradation and safety drift. Although human feedback has proven effective for static and post-trained agents, its role in self-evolving systems remains underexplored. We introduce Agent Norm Correction through Human-like Oversight and Review (ANCHOR), an LLM-based framework that simulates human supervision and delivers feedback at various phases of self-evolution. With ANCHOR, we evaluate two representative open-source self-evolving agent systems across coding, mathematical reasoning, and safety. Our results show that even limited supervision substantially mitigates safety degradation while preserving stable performance on core evolutionary objectives. Further analysis shows that supervision over the output verification phase is the most effective for intervention, whereas increasing supervision frequency yields diminishing returns. These findings provide empirical evidence and practical guidance for designing more stable, controllable, and human-aligned self-evolving agent systems.