KhatianDoc: A Human-Verified Benchmark Diagnosing Multimodal LLM Failure on Bengali Legal Land Records

Abstract

Land ownership in Bangladesh is recorded in Ana-Ganda-Kora-Kranti-Til, a base-16 positional fraction system with dedicated Unicode glyphs, no mainstream font, and no coverage in any OCR pipeline or tokenizer. The handwritten records that carry these fractions, RS Khatians, are the authoritative title record for millions of parcels and a frequent subject of civil litigation, yet no benchmark has asked whether a machine can read one. We introduce KhatianDoc, a four-task benchmark built from 107 real RS Khatian records from the Vumi (land) Office of Munshiganj, Bangladesh: symbol recognition, base-16-to-decimal conversion, structured field extraction, and legal document question answering over 1,634 QA pairs. Ground truth was transcribed by hand, verified by a land-law practitioner to full agreement, and anonymized through positional tokens that keep the referential distinctions multi-hop questions depend on. We evaluate six multimodal LLMs (8B to 72B+, open and closed) under a fixed zero-shot protocol. Five QA categories, 39.3% of our stratified set, return zero correct answers from every model; on the arithmetic task, every model that emits a number does worse than a constant-mean baseline, with exact- and near-match scores coinciding: decorrelation, not approximation. Auditing our own metrics surfaced two artifacts in opposite directions: we correct a refusal-scoring bug and report the fixed scores beside the originals, and flag an inflated metadata metric as an upper bound. KhatianDoc documents not a performance gap but the absence of a capability, with verified ground truth for future systems. Code and data, with a redacted image release, are publicly available.