Conceptual and Signal Processing Principles of Spread-Spectrum Color Doppler Ultrasound

Abstract

The spread-spectrum color Doppler method provides an alternative to single-plane-wave color Doppler for ultrafast blood-flow imaging with a high Nyquist velocity, high frame rate, and long ensembles. Spread-spectrum images are acquired by transmitting plane waves at a sequence of azimuth angles that is repeated multiple times in a different random order during each repetition. Randomization of the plane-wave angle modulates in-focus and off-focus echoes in distinct manners that enable stationary clutter to be suppressed without compounding by application of a notching comb filter. In this paper, a simplified mathematical model for the slow-time signal acquired with a sequence of plane waves is used to explain the mechanics of the spread-spectrum method, investigate the effect of different discrete-time comb filter realizations on the accuracy of the resulting Doppler frequency estimates, compare the effectiveness of spread-spectrum to single-plane-wave imaging for spatial localization of a Doppler signal source, and characterize the method's sensitivity to background tissue motion. The results establish a foundation to further improve the utility of the spread-spectrum method for practical applications involving non-stationary clutter and physiologically relevant flow patterns.