Channel Modeling of Single Wire Earth Return Networks for Narrowband Power Line Communication and Sensing: A Field-Validated High-Frequency Digital Twin

Abstract

Upgrading Single-Wire Earth Return (SWER) networks for smart grid capabilities requires a reliable communications technology. Narrowband Power Line Communication (NB-PLC) is a potential low cost solution. Real-world deployment is challenging due to the severe, frequency-dependent attenuation caused by complex earth-return paths and heterogeneous network infrastructure. To accurately characterize the communication channel, this paper develops a high-frequency (up to 300 kHz) digital twin of an operational SWER network. The digital twin integrates a segment-by-segment transmission line model with Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) measurements of physical grid hardware, replacing standard uniform assumptions with empirical component responses. Parametric sensitivity analysis demonstrates that distributed environmental factors, such as soil moisture and line sag, act as uniform magnitude offsets. Conversely, the conductor's magnetic permeability and local injection-transformer impedances dictate the channel's resonant spectral shape. Furthermore, cross-brand analysis proves that utilizing generic transformer models introduces significant prediction errors, confirming that accurate simulation requires manufacturer- and tap-specific data. Validated against in-situ field measurements from three transmitters, this digital twin replicates the path loss and dominant frequency-selective fading of the physical grid. Yielding a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between 4.65 dB and 9.73 dB across the three transmit paths, the model provides a practically reliable framework for deploying NB-PLC across rural SWER infrastructure.